Uburyo bwo kubyara amashanyarazi ahamye

Mubisanzwe, amashanyarazi ahamye atangwa kubera guterana cyangwa kwinjiza.

Amashanyarazi ahamye atangwa no kugenda kwamashanyarazi yakozwe mugihe cyo guhura, guterana, cyangwa gutandukanya ibintu bibiri. Amashanyarazi ahamye asigara aterana hagati yabatwara ubusanzwe aba afite intege nke, bitewe nubushobozi bukomeye bwabayobora. Iyoni zatewe no guterana amagambo zizahita zigenda hamwe kandi zidafite aho zibogamiye mugihe no kurangiza inzira yo guterana. Nyuma yo guterana kwa insulator, hashobora kubyara ingufu za electrostatike nyinshi, ariko umubare wamafaranga ni muto cyane. Ibi bigenwa nuburyo bugaragara bwa insulator ubwayo. Mu miterere ya molekuline ya insuliranteri, biragoye ko electron zigenda zidegembya zidegembya zidahuye na nucleus ya atome, bityo guterana bivamo bike bya molekile cyangwa ionisiyonike.

Amashanyarazi ahamye ni umurima w'amashanyarazi ukorwa no kugenda kwa electron mu kintu munsi yumurimo wumuriro wa electronique iyo ikintu kiri mumashanyarazi. Amashanyarazi ahamye arashobora kubyara gusa kubayobora. Ingaruka yumwanya wa electromagnetic yumurima kuri insulator irashobora kwirengagizwa.

Uburyo bwo gusohora amashanyarazi

Niyihe mpamvu ituma amashanyarazi ya 220V ashobora kwica abantu, ariko ibihumbi bya volt kubantu ntibashobora kubica? Umuvuduko ukabije wa capacitor uhura na formula ikurikira: U = Q / C. Ukurikije iyi formula, iyo capacitance ari nto kandi umubare wamafaranga ni muto, hazabaho ingufu nyinshi. Ati: “Mubisanzwe, ubushobozi bwimibiri yacu nibintu bidukikije ni bito cyane. Iyo amashanyarazi akozwe, umubare muto w'amashanyarazi urashobora no kubyara ingufu nyinshi. ” Bitewe numubare muto wumuriro wamashanyarazi, mugihe usohoye, amashanyarazi yakozwe ni nto cyane, kandi igihe ni gito cyane. Umuvuduko ntushobora kubungabungwa, hamwe nubu bigabanuka mugihe gito cyane. “Kubera ko umubiri w'umuntu utari insuliranteri, ibiciro bihamye byegeranijwe mu mubiri, iyo hari inzira yo gusohoka, bizahurira. Kubwibyo, birasa nkaho umuyaga uri hejuru kandi hari kumva amashanyarazi. ” Nyuma yuko amashanyarazi ahamye abaye mumashanyarazi nkumubiri wabantu nibintu byuma, umuyaga usohoka uzaba munini.

Kubikoresho bifite imiterere myiza yo kubika, kimwe nuko ingano yumuriro wamashanyarazi wakozwe ari muto cyane, naho ubundi nuko amashanyarazi yakozwe atoroshye gutemba. Nubwo voltage ari ndende, mugihe hari inzira yo gusohora ahantu runaka, gusa amafaranga yishyurwa aho ahurira no mumwanya muto uri hafi arashobora gutemba no gusohora, mugihe amafaranga yishyurwa adashobora guhura. Kubwibyo, niyo hamwe na voltage yibihumbi icumi bya volt, ingufu zo gusohora nazo ntizihagije.

Ingaruka z'amashanyarazi ahamye kubikoresho bya elegitoroniki

Amashanyarazi ahamye arashobora kwangizaLEDs, ntabwo ari "patenti" idasanzwe ya LED gusa, ahubwo ikoreshwa na diode na tristoriste ikozwe mubikoresho bya silicon. Ndetse inyubako, ibiti, ninyamaswa birashobora kwangizwa n amashanyarazi ahamye (inkuba nuburyo bwamashanyarazi ahamye, kandi ntituzabitekereza hano).

None, ni gute amashanyarazi ahamye yangiza ibice bya elegitoroniki? Sinshaka kujya kure, gusa mvuga ibikoresho bya semiconductor, ariko kandi bigarukira kuri diode, tristoriste, IC, na LED.

Ibyangiritse biterwa namashanyarazi kubice bya semiconductor amaherezo arimo amashanyarazi. Mubikorwa byumuriro wamashanyarazi, igikoresho cyangiritse kubera ubushyuhe. Niba hari ikigezweho, hagomba kubaho voltage. Nyamara, diode ya semiconductor ifite PN ihuza, ifite umurongo wa voltage uhagarika amashanyarazi haba imbere cyangwa inyuma. Inzitizi yimbere ishobora kuba mike, mugihe inzitizi zinyuranye zishobora kuba nyinshi. Mumuzunguruko, aho kurwanya ari hejuru, voltage iba yibanze. Ariko kuri LED, mugihe voltage ikoreshwa imbere kuri LED, mugihe voltage yo hanze iri munsi yumubyigano wa diode (uhuye nubugari bwibikoresho bya bande), ntamwanya uhari, kandi voltage yose ikoreshwa kuri ihuriro rya PN. Iyo voltage ikoreshwa kuri LED muburyo butandukanye, mugihe voltage yo hanze iri munsi yumubyigano wanyuma wa LED, voltage nayo ikoreshwa kumurongo wa PN rwose. Muri iki gihe, nta voltage igabanuka haba mugurisha nabi amakosa ya LED, agace, agace ka P, cyangwa agace ka N. Kuberako ntagihari. Ihuriro rya PN rimaze gusenyuka, voltage yo hanze isangiwe nabarwanya bose kumuzunguruko. Aho kurwanywa ari hejuru, voltage itwarwa nigice ni ndende. Kubijyanye na LED, nibisanzwe ko ihuriro rya PN ritwara voltage nyinshi. Imbaraga zumuriro zitangwa kumasangano ya PN nigitonyanga cya voltage hejuru yacyo cyikubye nagaciro keza. Niba agaciro kariho katagarukira, ubushyuhe bukabije buzatwika ihuriro rya PN, rizabura imikorere yaryo kandi ryinjire.

Ni ukubera iki IC itinya amashanyarazi ahamye? Kuberako ubuso bwa buri kintu muri IC ari gito cyane, ubushobozi bwa parasitike ya buri kintu nacyo ni gito cyane (akenshi imikorere yumuzunguruko isaba ubushobozi buke bwa parasitike). Kubwibyo, umubare muto wumuriro wa electrostatike uzabyara ingufu za electrostatike nyinshi, kandi kwihanganira ingufu za buri kintu mubisanzwe ni bito cyane, bityo gusohora amashanyarazi birashobora kwangiza IC byoroshye. Nyamara, ibice bisanzwe byihariye, nka diode isanzwe yingufu na tristoriste ntoya, ntibatinya cyane amashanyarazi ahamye, kubera ko agace kabo ka chip ari nini kandi ubushobozi bwa parasitike ni nini cyane, kandi ntabwo byoroshye gukusanya ingufu nyinshi kuri muri rusange muri rusange. Imbaraga nke MOS transistors ikunda kwangirika kwa electrostatike kubera urwego ruto ruto rwa oxyde oxyde na capacitance ntoya ya parasitike. Mubisanzwe bava muruganda nyuma yo kuzenguruka mugihe gito electrode eshatu nyuma yo gupakira. Mugukoresha, akenshi birasabwa gukuraho inzira ngufi nyuma yo gusudira birangiye. Bitewe nigice kinini cya chip ya tristoriste MOS ifite ingufu nyinshi, amashanyarazi asanzwe ntabwo azabangiza. Uzabona rero ko electrode eshatu zingufu MOS tristoriste idakingiwe numuyoboro mugufi (ababikora kare baracyazunguruka mbere yo kuva muruganda).

LED mubyukuri ifite diode, kandi agace kayo ni nini cyane ugereranije na buri kintu kiri muri IC. Kubwibyo, ubushobozi bwa parasitike ya LED ni nini. Kubwibyo, amashanyarazi ahamye mubihe rusange ntashobora kwangiza LED.

Amashanyarazi ya electrostatike mubihe rusange, cyane cyane kuri insulator, arashobora kugira voltage nyinshi, ariko umubare wamafaranga yo gusohora ni muto cyane, kandi igihe cyo gusohora ni gito cyane. Umuvuduko wumuriro wa electrostatike uterwa nuwayobora ntushobora kuba hejuru cyane, ariko imyuka isohoka irashobora kuba nini kandi akenshi ikomeza. Ibi byangiza cyane ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.

Kuki amashanyarazi yangiritse?LED chipntibikunze kubaho

Reka duhere kubintu byo kugerageza. Isahani yicyuma itwara amashanyarazi ya 500V. Shira LED ku isahani y'icyuma (witondere uburyo bwo gushyira kugirango wirinde ibibazo bikurikira). Utekereza ko LED izangirika? Hano, kugirango yangize LED, mubisanzwe igomba gukoreshwa hamwe na voltage irenze voltage yamenetse, bivuze ko electrode zombi za LED zigomba icyarimwe kuvugana nicyuma kandi zikagira voltage irenze voltage yamenetse. Nka plaque yicyuma nuyobora neza, voltage yatewe hejuru yayo irangana, kandi ibyo bita voltage ya 500V ugereranije nubutaka. Kubwibyo, nta voltage iri hagati ya electrode ebyiri za LED, kandi mubisanzwe nta byangiritse. Keretse niba uhuye na electrode imwe ya LED hamwe nisahani yicyuma, hanyuma ugahuza indi electrode numuyoboro (ukuboko cyangwa insinga utabigizemo uturindantoki) kubutaka cyangwa kubandi bayobora.

Ibintu byubushakashatsi byavuzwe haruguru bitwibutsa ko mugihe LED iri mumurima wa electrostatike, electrode imwe igomba guhura numubiri wa electrostatike, indi electrode igomba kuvugana nubutaka cyangwa abandi bayobora mbere yuko yangirika. Mubikorwa nyabyo no kubishyira mubikorwa, hamwe nubunini buke bwa LED, ni gake cyane amahirwe yuko ibintu nkibi bizabaho, cyane cyane mubice. Impanuka zirashoboka. Kurugero, LED iri kumubiri wa electrostatike, kandi electrode imwe ihuza umubiri wa electrostatike, mugihe indi electrode ihagarikwa gusa. Muri iki gihe, umuntu akora kuri electrode yahagaritswe, ishobora kwangizaLED Itara.

Ibintu byavuzwe haruguru bitubwira ko ibibazo bya electrostatike bidashobora kwirengagizwa. Gusohora amashanyarazi bisaba uruziga ruyobora, kandi nta kibi kirimo niba hari amashanyarazi ahamye. Mugihe habaye bike cyane kumeneka bibaye, ikibazo cyangirika cyimpanuka ya electrostatike kirashobora gutekerezwa. Niba bibaye byinshi, birashoboka cyane ko ari ikibazo cyo kwanduza chip cyangwa guhangayika.